更況且我並沒有冒犯到《古蘭經》翻譯
A：我不是穆斯林，所以我不會有這種風險。 A. - "I began from the idea that the language of the Koran must be studied from an historical-linguistic point of view. When the Koran was composed, Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration翻譯社 above all, Aramaic, which at the time翻譯社 between the 4th and 7th centuries, was not only the language of written communication, but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia." Q. - Tell us how you proceeded. From the Gospel to Islam Q. - But you still preferred to use a pseudonym.
Q：翻譯公司還發現《古蘭經》在第97章裡提到了基督的降生。按照翻譯公司的翻譯，在馳名的說起瑪麗亞的那一章，她的分娩實際上是“受主授意的”。
A. - "I am not a Muslim翻譯社 so I don´t run that risk. Besides翻譯社 I haven´t offended against the Koran" Q：那又是什麼使你的研究方式如此與眾分歧？ A. - "In its origin, the Koran is a Syro-Aramaic liturgical book翻譯社 with hymns and extracts from Scriptures which might have been used in sacred Christian services. In the second place翻譯社 one may see in the Koran the beginning of a preaching directed toward transmitting the belief in the Sacred Scriptures to the pagans of Mecca翻譯社 in the Arabic language. Its socio-political sections, which are not especially related to the original Koran, were added later in Medina. At its beginning, the Koran was not conceived as the foundation of a new religion. It presupposes belief in the Scriptures, and thus functioned merely as an inroad into Arabic society." A German scholar of ancient languages takes a new look at the sacred book of Islam. He maintains that it was created by Syro-Aramaic speaking Christians翻譯社 in order to evangelize the Arabs. And he translates it in a new way Q：所以，在穆罕默德時期，阿拉伯語還沒有被精確的規範化，也沒有發展出版面用語。那麼《古蘭經》事實是怎麼寫成的呢？ Here follows an interview with the author, published in Germany in the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and in Italy in "L´espresso," no. 11, March 12-18, 2004: A. - "According to Islamic tradition, the Koran dates back to the 7th century翻譯社 while the first examples of Arabic literature in the full sense of the phrase are found only two centuries later, at the time of the ´Biography of the Prophet´; that is翻譯社 of the life of Mohammed as written by Ibn Hisham, who died in 828. We may thus establish that post-Koranic Arabic literature developed by degrees, in the period following the work of al-Khalil bin Ahmad, who died in 786翻譯社 the founder of Arabic lexicography (kitab al-ayn), and of Sibawwayh翻譯社 who died in 796, to whom the grammar of classical Arabic is due. Now, if we assume that the composition of the Koran was brought to an end in the year of the Prophet Mohammed´s death, in 632翻譯社 we find before us an interval of 150 years, during which there is no trace of Arabic literature worthy of note." http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/7025?eng=y Q. - What do you say, then, about the idea, accepted until now, that the Koran was the first book written in Arabic? 處女與葡萄：《古蘭經》的基督教發源
A：在第24章31節裡，阿拉伯語版是這麼寫的，“她們應該用khumurs擊打袋子。
Q. - Let´s come to the misunderstandings. One of the most glaring errors you cite is that of the virgins promised, in the Islamic paradise, to the suicide bombers.
Q：那麼讓我們來看看那些有貳言的地方。 A. - "Not exactly. It is true that, in the Christian tradition, the belt is associated with chastity: Mary is depicted with a belt fastened around her waist. But in the gospel account of the Last Supper, Christ also ties an apron around his waist before washing the Apostles´ feet. There are clearly many parallels with the Christian faith." Q：你的意思是，不懂敘利亞-亞拉姆語的人就沒法正確的翻譯和解釋《古蘭經》了？ Q. - You have discovered that Sura 97 of the Koran mentions the Nativity. And in your translation of the famous Sura of Mary翻譯社 her "birthgiving" is "made legitimate by the Lord." Moreover翻譯社 the text contains the invitation to come to the sacred liturgy, to the Mass. Would the Koran, then, be nothing other than an Arabic version of the Christian Bible? Q. - Do you mean that anyone who does not keep the Syro-Aramaic language in mind cannot translate and interpret the Koran correctly? Q. - To many Muslim believers, for whom the Koran is the holy book and the only truth翻譯社 your conclusions could seem blasphemous. What reactions have you noticed up until now?
A：論其起源，《古蘭經》現實上是一部敘利亞-亞拉姆語星期書，佈滿了引自《聖經》的讚美詩和抄寫，多是被用於基督教的宗教舉止。
Q：對很多穆斯林來講，《古蘭經》是代表了絕對真谛的聖書，翻譯公司的結論對他們而言無異於褻瀆。
他們的禮拜式說話是敘利亞-亞拉姆語翻譯這就是他們的文化的載體，同時也是他們的書面說話。A：在那個時刻還沒有所謂的阿拉伯學校——除，或許在美索不達米亞南部，即今伊拉克的安巴爾和希拉的基督教中間可以算是翻譯該區域的阿拉伯人都接管了敘利亞基督徒的教誨並被基督教化。 Q. - Aren´t you afraid of a fatwa, a death sentence like the one pronounced against Salman Rushdie?
A：憑據伊斯蘭教傳統，《古蘭經》的歷史可以追溯到7世紀，但切當意義上的阿拉伯語文學的例子倒是兩個多世紀以後，即所謂的“先知傳記”時期的事；如逝世於828年的伊本・希沙姆的作品。 Q：豈非你不會害怕遭到伊斯蘭教令的措置，就像薩爾曼・魯西迪受到的死刑判決那樣？ A. - "At first I conducted a ´synchronous´ reading. In other words翻譯社 I kept in mind both Arabic and Aramaic. Thanks to this procedure, I was able to discover the extent of the previously unsuspected influence of Aramaic upon the language of the Koran: in point of fact, much of what now passes under the name of ´classical Arabic´ is of Aramaic derivation." A. - "I did that on the advice of Muslim friends who were afraid that some enthusiastic fundamentalist would act of his own initiative, without waiting for a fatwa."
Q：但你仍然用了假名。
A：我這麼做是因為一些穆斯林朋友的建議，他們很憂郁會有一些狂熱的原教旨主義者，等不及教令下判決就想對我不利翻譯 The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran Q. - Professor, why did you think it useful to conduct this re-reading of the Koran? 透過古代說話的蛛絲馬跡，一名德國粹者對伊斯蘭教的聖書提出了一種全新的見解翻譯憑據他的概念，《古蘭經》真實的作者其實說著一口敘利亞-亞拉姆語，向阿拉伯人張揚福音的基督徒。
A：確切如此。
A. - "Beginning in the third century, the Syrian Christians did not limit themselves to bringing their evangelical mission to nearby countries, like Armenia or Persia. They pressed on toward distant territories翻譯社 all the way to the borders of China and the western coast of India, in addition to the entire Arabian peninsula all the way to Yemen and Ethiopia. It is thus rather probable that, in order to proclaim the Christian message to the Arabic peoples, they would have used (among others) the language of the Bedouins翻譯社 or Arabic. In order to spread the Gospel, they necessarily made use of a mishmash of languages. But in an era in which Arabic was just an assembly of dialects and had no written form翻譯社 the missionaries had no choice but to resort to their own literary language and their own culture; that is, to Syro-Aramaic. The result was that the language of the Koran was born as a written Arabic language, but one of Arab-Aramaic derivation." Q. - What is the relationship between this language of culture and the origin of the Koran? Q：這類文化的說話和《古蘭經》的發源有什麼關聯？ A. - "We begin from the term ´huri翻譯社´ for which the Arabic commentators could not find any meaning other than those heavenly virgins. But if one keeps in mind the derivations from Syro-Aramaic翻譯社 that expression indicated ´white grapes,´ which is one of the symbolic elements of the Christian paradise翻譯社 recalled in the Last Supper of Jesus. There´s another Koranic expression, falsely interpreted as ´the children´ or ´the youths´ of paradise: in Aramaic: it designates the fruit of the vine, which in the Koran is compared to pearls. As for the symbols of paradise翻譯社 these interpretive errors are probably connected to the male monopoly in Koranic commentary and interpretation." A. - "At that time, there were no Arab schools - except翻譯社 perhaps, for the Christian centers of al-Anbar and al-Hira, in southern Mesopotamia翻譯社 or what is now Iraq. The Arabs of that region had been Christianized and instructed by Syrian Christians. Their liturgical language was Syro-Aramaic. And this was the vehicle of their culture, and more generally the language of written communication." A. - "Yes. Anyone who wants to make a thorough study of the Koran must have a background in the Syro-Aramaic grammar and literature of that period, the 7th century. Only thus can he identify the original meaning of Arabic expressions whose semantic interpretation can be established definitively only by retranslating them into Syro-Aramaic."
A：讓我們先從單詞“huri”起頭說起，阿拉伯評論家對這個單詞沒有找到其它除天堂的童貞之外的寄義翻譯但若是瞭解敘利亞-亞拉姆語，那麼就發現這個單詞的意思實際上是“白葡萄”，這是基督教天堂裡的常見象徵元素之一，在耶穌的最後晚餐上也有被提及。
Q：順道一提，請問你對伊斯蘭教的面紗有什麼看法？ Q. - By the way, what do you think about the Islamic veil? A：不盡然翻譯確切，在基督教傳統裡，腰帶常常被與貞操聯繫在一路：例如瑪麗亞就老是被描畫成在腰間綁著一條腰帶的形象翻譯但按照福音書，在最後的晚飯的時候，基督也是在腰上繫著圍裙來為徒弟洗腳。在基督教崇奉裡有許多雷同的情節翻譯
A：在巴基斯坦，是有曾刊載摘錄自我的書裡的文章的《新聞周刊》被制止販售。 In the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries翻譯社 mangled by the wars of religion翻譯社 scholars of the Bible also used to keep a safe distance with pseudonyms. But if, now, the ones doing so are the scholars of the Koran, this is a sign that, for the Muslim holy book as well, the era of historical翻譯社 linguistic翻譯社 and philological re-readings has begun. ROMA - That Aramaic was the lingua franca of a vast area of the ancient Middle East is a notion that is by now amply noted by a vast public, thanks to Mel Gibson´s film "The Passion of the Christ," which everyone watches in that language. Q. - Does this mean the veil is really a chastity belt?
出於許多緣由，這實際上是一個潛力無限的測驗考試。 But that Syro-Aramaic was also the root of the Koran, and of the Koran of a primitive Christian system翻譯社 is a more specialized notion翻譯社 an almost clandestine one. And it´s more than a little dangerous. The author of the most important book on the subject - a German professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages - preferred, out of prudence, to write under the pseudonym of Christoph Luxenberg. A few years ago, one of his colleagues at the University of Nablus in Palestine, Suliman Bashear, was thrown out of the window by his scandalized Muslim students. 下面這篇作者專訪曾被劃分頒發在德國的《南德意志報》和2004年3月12-18日刊的義大利《精髓周刊》第11輯上： A：自3世紀伊始，敘利亞基督徒便起頭帶著他們張揚福音的任務踏上了如亞美尼亞或波斯的臨近國度。正因如斯，為了向阿拉伯人傳佈基督教信息，他們很可能會選擇利用貝都因人的說話或阿拉伯語翻譯但在阿誰阿拉伯語還只是一個方言雜燴，沒有書面說話的時期，傳教士們別無選擇，只能測驗考試訴諸他們本身的書面說話和文化；那就是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。於是，固然《古蘭經》是以阿拉伯語寫成，但它其實也是衍生自敘利亞-亞拉姆語翻譯
由於宗教戰爭的影響，16-18世紀的歐洲《聖經》學者也習慣利用化名來自保翻譯但目下當今反卻是《古蘭經》學者才需要這麼做，不外這也意味著，從頭反思穆斯林的聖書、歷史、說話和文獻學的機會已經到了。 The book by "Christoph Luxenberg" came out in 2000 in Germany with the title "Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran" ("A Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran"), published in Berlin by Das Arabische Buch. It is out of print, and there are no translations in other languages. But a new翻譯社 updated edition (again in German) is about to arrive in bookstores. A. - "Because, in the Koran翻譯社 there are many obscure points that, from the beginning翻譯社 even the Arab commentators were not able to explain. Of these passages it is said that only God can comprehend them. Western research on the Koran, which has been conducted in a systematic manner only since about the middle of the 19th century, has always taken as its base the commentaries of the Arab scholars. But these have never gone beyond the etymological explanation of some terms of foreign origin." A：一開始華頓翻譯社便著手進行“同步式”浏覽，也就是說，華頓翻譯社同時用阿拉伯語和亞拉姆語來解讀經文。多虧有這麼做，我很快就發現了亞拉姆語對《古蘭經》超乎想像的語言影響：事實上，目下當今以“古阿拉伯語”寫成的大部分段落其實原先都應當是亞拉姆語翻譯 Q：請告知我們你是若何繼續的。
現今的大眾或多或少都會知道亞拉姆語曾在古代中東的大部分地域廣為風行這個常識，固然這都要歸功於梅爾・吉勃遜的那部全程採用亞拉姆語的片子《受難記：最後的豪情》。 不過，一個更新的修訂版（一樣是在德國出書）已行將在書店上市翻譯
“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的著作“Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran”（《敘利亞-亞拉姆語版古蘭經》）是在2000年時在德國正式出版，出版商為柏林的阿拉伯文書公司。
A. - "In Pakistan翻譯社 the sale of the edition of ´Newsweek´ that contained an article on my book was banned. Otherwise, I must say that, in my encounters with Muslims, I have not noticed any hostile attitudes. On the contrary, they have appreciated the commitment of a non-Muslim to studies aimed at an objective comprehension of their sacred text. My work could be judged as blasphemous only by those who decide to cling to errors in the interpretation of the word of God. But in the Koran it is written, ´No one can bring to the right way those whom God induces to error.´" Q：所以，面紗真實的意思是貞操帶？ An interview with "Christoph Luxenberg" by Alfred Hackensberger 阿爾弗雷德・哈肯斯伯格對“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的專訪 This is a promising beginning for many reasons. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin, a professor at Saarland University in Germany and another Koran scholar on the philological level, maintains that this type of approach to Islam´s holy book can help to defeat its fundamentalist and Manichean readings, and to bring into a better light its ties with Judaism and Christianity. Q. - What makes your method different? A. - "There is a passage in Sura 24, verse 31翻譯社 which in Arabic reads, ´That they should beat their khumurs against their bags.´ It is an incomprehensible phrase, for which the following interpretation has been sought: ´That they should extend their kerchiefs from their heads to their breasts.´ But if this passage is read in the light of Syro-Aramaic, it simply means: ´They should fasten their belts around their waists.´" Q. - So at the time of Mohammed Arabic did not have precise rules翻譯社 and was not used for written communication. Then how did the Koran come to be written? 福音書與伊斯蘭教 Q：既然如斯，那你怎麼對待對於人們一直以來所認為的，《古蘭經》是第一部以阿拉伯語寫成的作品的觀念？ 
但是，敘利亞-亞拉姆語其實也是《古蘭經》的源流之一，這就是為什麼《古蘭經》身上還留著ㄧ些原始基督教系統的影子，這觸及了一個更為專門的概念，並且幾近從未為人所知，乃至還有些危險翻譯若細數起關於這個主題的最主要的著作的作者——那麼答案絕非德國的古代閃米特與阿拉伯說話傳授，克里斯托弗・盧森伯格莫屬——不過出於平安考量，這個名字其實是化名。 A：華頓翻譯社起先的設法主意就是，要研究《古蘭經》就必需得從歷史-說話學的角度來梳理。因為在《古蘭經》成書的時候，阿拉伯語的書面語還沒有降生；是以，亞拉姆語必會被起首列入斟酌，因為它是誰人時刻，也就是4-7世紀時不但被用作書面語言，同時照樣西亞的通用語翻譯
A：因為，在《古蘭經》裡存在著很多含糊不清的地方，甚至就連阿拉伯評論家都難以诠釋，乃至還有人說，只有天主才能理解這些段落。但這些評論卻曆來沒有正視過一些辭彙的外國詞源問題。 by Sandro Magister Q：傳授，請問為什麼翻譯公司會認為依托這種方式重新詮釋《古蘭經》是有意義的？
來自: http://blog.xuite.net/kesaite/blog/484431703有關翻譯的問題歡迎諮詢華頓翻譯社
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